Keywords
COVID-19
elderly
mental health
sadness
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction: Measures of social restrictions can increase exposure time to the emotion of sadness, and during the COVID-19 pandemic, older adults were one of the main risk groups. Objective: To evaluate the factors associated with the emotion of sadness in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The design is cross-sectional, and 133 older people enrolled in Primary Care in a city in the interior of the state of São Paulo participated. Data collection was conducted by telephone and included sociodemographic aspects, emotional health, and social support. For data analysis, Pearson's chi-square test and binary logistic regression model were used. Results: The results showed that sadness was associated with not receiving instrumental social support (p=0.01), maintaining electronic social contact (p=0.01), feelings of anguish (p=0.00), and emotion of fear (p=0.01). Conclusions: The results are interesting for directing emotional management interventions and promoting social relationships.
References
Ahmadi, A., Allahverdipour, H., Valiee, S., Pashazadeh, F., Ghassab-Abdollahi, N., Abdoli, F., & Matlabi, H. (2023). COVID-19 stress and coping strategies among older adults: A systematic review of qualitative evidences. BMC Psychology, 11(1), 333. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01382-1
Andrade, A. O., Azambuja, H. C. S., Martins, T. C. R., Seixas, R. A. M., & Luchesi, B. M. (2021). Factors associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Brazilian study. Aging & Mental Health, 26(8), 1564–1571. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1942431
Armitage, R., & Nellums, L. B. (2020). COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. Lancet Public Health. Saúde pública, 5(5), 256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30061-X
Bafail, D. A. (2022). Mental health issues associated with COVID-19 among the elderly population: A narrative review. Cureus, 14(12), e33081.
Baena, C., Joarder, T., Ahmed, N. U., & Chowdhury, R. (2023). Aging and the COVID-19 pandemic: The inter-related roles of biology, physical wellbeing, social norms and global health systems. Maturitas, 167, 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.07.008
Barreto, M. L., Barros, J. D., Carvalho, M. S., Codeço, C. T., Hallal, P. R. C., Medronho, R. A., Struchiner, C. J., Victoria, C. G., & Werneck, G. L. (2020). What is urgent and necessary to inform policies to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil? Brazilian Journal of Epidemiology, 23, e200032. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200032
Brito, T. R. P., Nunes, D. P. I., Duarte, Y. A. O., & Lebrão, M. L. (2018). Social network and older people’s functionality: Health, Well-being, and Aging (SABE) study evidences. Brazilian Journal of Epidemiology, 21(2), e180003. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720180003.supl.2
Brooke, J., & Jackson, D. (2020). Older people and COVID‐19: Isolation, risk and ageism. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29, 2044-2046. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15274
Bu, F., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. (2020). Who is lonely in lockdown? Cross-cohort analyses of predictors of loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health, 186, 31–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.036
Del-Pino-Casado, R., Frías-Osuna, A., Palnomino-Moral, P. A., Ruzafa-Martínez, M., & Ramos-Morcillo, A. J. (2018). Social support and subjective burden in caregivers of adults and older adults: A meta-analysis. Plos One, 13(1), e0189874. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189874
EL-Zoghby, A. M., Soltan, E. M., & Salama, H. M. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Social Support among Adult Egyptians. Journal of Community Health, 45, 689–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00853-5
Fontes, M. A. S. (2017). A expressão de emoções: Propostas teóricas e questionamentos. Revista Intercâmbio, Especial Expressividade, XXXVI, 26–38. https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/intercambio/article/view/35756
Grelle, K., Shrestha, N., Ximenes, M., Perrotte, J., Cordaro, M., Deason, R. G., & Howard, K. (2023). The Generation gap revisited: Generational Differences in Mental Health, Maladaptive coping behaviors, and pandemic-related concerns during the initial COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Adult Development, 30(4), 381–392. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-024-18199-1
Holmes, E. A., O’Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., Ballard, C., Christensen, H., Cohen Silver, R., Everall, I., Ford, T., John, A., Kabir, T., King, K., Madan, I., Michie, S., Przybylski, A. K., Shafran, R., Sweeney, A., . . . & Bullmore, E. T. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID‑19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
Johnson, R., Carnalla, M., Basto-Abreu, A., Haw, D., Morgenstern, C., Doohan, P., & Barrientos-Gutiérrez, T. (2024). Promoting healthy populations as a pandemic preparedness strategy: A simulation study from Mexico. The Lancet Regional Health–Americas, 30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2024.100682
Kalache, A., Silva, A., Giacomin, K. C., Lima, K. C., Ramos, L. R., Louvison, M., & Veras, R. (2020). Aging and inequalities: Social protection policies for older adults resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Geriatrics and Gerontology, 23(6), 2001–2022. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562020023.200122
Kasar, A. S., & Karaman, E. (2021). Life in lockdown: Social isolation, loneliness and quality of life in the elderly during the COVİD-19 pandemic: A scoping review. Geriatric Nursing, 42(5), 1222–1229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.03.010
Kadowaki, L., & Wister, A. (2023). Older adults and social isolation and loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic: An integrated review of patterns, effects, and interventions. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement, 42(2), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980822000459
Koppner, J., Lindelöf, A., Iredahl, F., Tevell, M., Nilsson, S., Thorsell, A., & Israelsson Larsen, H. (2024). Factors affecting self-perceived mental health in the general older population during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 660. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18199-1
Li, F., Luo, S., Mu, W., Li, Y., YE, L., Zheng, X., Xu, B., Ding, P. L., Zhou, M., & Chen, X. (2021). Effects of sources of social support and resilience on the mental health of different age groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry, 21(16), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-03012-1
Luchetti, M., Lee, J. H., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A., Strickhouser, J. E., Terracciano, A., & Sutin, A. R. (2020). The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19. American Psychologist, 75(7), 897–908. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000690
Noone, C., McSharry, J., Smalle, M., Burns, A., Dwan, K., Devane, D., & Morrissey, E. C. (2020). Video calls for reducing social isolation and loneliness in older people: A rapid review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5(5), CD013632. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013632
Macdonald, B., & Hülür, G. (2021). Well-Being and Loneliness in Swiss Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Social Relationships. The Gerontologist, 61(2), 240–250. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa194
Malta, D. C., Gomes, C. S., Szwarcwald, C. L., Barros, M. B. A., Silva, A. G., Prates, E. J. S., Machado, I. E., Souza, J. P. R. B., Romero, D. E., Lima, M. G., Damacena, G. N., Azevedo, L. O., Pina, M. F., Werneck, A. O., & Silva, D. R. P. (2020). Social distancing, feeling of sadness and lifestyles of the Brazilian population during the COVID-19 pandemic. SciELO Preprints. https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.1371
Mohan, R., Saleem, F., Voderhobli, K., & Sheikh-Akbari, A. (2024). Ensuring Sustainable Digital Inclusion among the Elderly: A Comprehensive Analysis. Sustainability, 16(17), 7485. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177485
Mukhtar, S. (2020). Psychological health during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic outbreak. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 512–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020925835
Romero, D. E., Muzy, J., Damacena, G. N., Souza, N. A., Almeida, W. S., Szwarcwald, C. L., Malta, D. C., Barros, M. B. A., Souza Júnior, P. R. B., Azevedo, L. O., Gracie, R., Pina, M. F., Lima, M. G., Machado, I. E., Gomes, C. S., Werneck, A. O., & Silva, D. R. P. (2021). Older adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: Effects on health, income and work. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 37(3), e00216620. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00216620
Schmidt, B. S., Crepaldi, M. A., Bolze, D. A. S., Neiva-Silva, L., & Demenech, L. M. (2020). Impacts on Mental Health and Psychological Interventions related to the New Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Estudos de Psicologia, 37, e200063. https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.58
Scorsolini-Comin, F., Rossato, L., Cunha, V. F., Correia-Zanini, M. R. G., & Pillon, S. C. (2020). Religiosity/spirituality as a resource to face covid-19. Revista de Enfermagem do Centro Oeste Mineiro, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.19175/recom.v10i0.3723
Seckman, C. (2023). The impact of COVID‐19 on the psychosocial well‐being of older adults: A literature review. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 55(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12824
Sharifi S., Babaei Khorzoughi K., Khaledi-Paveh B., & Rahmati M. (2023). Association of intergenerational relationship and supports with cognitive performance in older adults: A systematic review. Geriatric Nursing, 52,146-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.05.014
Silva, C., Fonseca, C., Ferreira, R., Weidner, A., Morgado, B., Lopes, M. J., & Pinho, L. G. (2023). Depression in older adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 71(7), 2308–2325. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.18363
Tilburg, T. G. V., Steinmetz, S., Stolte, E., Roest, H. V., & Vries, D. H. (2020). Loneliness and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study Among Dutch Older Adults. Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(7), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa111
Vasconcelos, C., Feitosa, I., Feitosa, P. L. R., & Barbosa, A. P. (2020). O novo coronavírus e os impactos psicológicos da quarentena. Revista Interdisciplinar da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 7 (especial-3), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.20873/uftsuple2020-8816
Ward, M., Briggs, R., McGarrigle, C. A., De Looze, C., O’Halloran, A. M., Kenny, R. A. (2023). The bi‐directional association between loneliness and depression among older adults from before to during the COVID‐19 pandemic. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 38(1), e5856. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5856
World Health Organization. (2021). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2021). Individual differences and changes in subjective wellbeing during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 76(1), 50–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000702
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.